火电厂SIS系统中实时数据库的研究和应用

厂级监控信息系统SIS是分散控制系统DCS与管理信息系统MIS或者ERP系统之间的桥梁,对于电厂的安全、经济运行具有十分重要的意义,而实时数据库是SIS系统的核心。本文讨论了火电厂SIS系统中实时数据库的设计方法和设计原则,并进一步介绍了Agilor实时数据库系统及其在火电厂SIS中的应用。

重离子同步加速器SIS中的束团纵向稳定性理论、测量和模拟

本论文中的工作是在德国重离子研究中心（GSI）和中国科学院近代物理研究所的联合培养计划下完成的。论文以GS工的重离子同步加速器SIS为主要研究对象，就其强流运行及为GSI最近批准的新项目而升级的纵向动力学方面进行了研究和探讨。该项工作对于在建的大科学工程兰州重离子储存环HIRFL-CSR有借鉴意义。在GSI的新项目国际重离子、反质子加速器科学研究装置的蓝图中，现有的重离子同步加速器S工S将作为前级提升束流的强度和能量。束团的纵向稳定性是保证可靠的强流运行所必须回答的问题，包括以下内容，在本文中分别进行了探索和解答：纵向的重离子加速器环境阻抗模型；在可能的阻抗条件下束流线性稳定性；在阻尼及不稳定性效应下束流相空间分布的演化行为和结果（发射度增长、粒子丢失等）及其内在机制；对不稳定性和束流相空间稀释效应进行控制的可能性。不同流强下束流纵向相空间测量，这是本论文工作的一个重要基础。自洽的Vlasov束团模型（任意外场加空间电荷效应下的束流匹配）和实际运行中的非理想捕获过程（有限的高频电压上升时间，对应不同的绝热系数），作为任何束团运行和稳定性研究的前提分别在论文中得到了厘清。解析方面的工作包括定态和微扰理论，即将线性Vlasov方程应用于束团，并在适当的近似下得到简洁的解析方程。经过重新推导，得到了修正的Sachrer积分方程，使之在强空间电荷效应下的仍然适用，由此得到了线性稳定图。编写调试成功了PIC（particle-in-cell）算法的模拟程序，和线性理论相互校验，并与己得到的实验结果进行了对比，对实际运行中复杂过程进行了模拟，并研究了不稳定性发展后期非线性阶段。线性理论，模拟和实验结果有很好的一致性。在SIS实验中观察到一种流强相关的束团相干模式演化现象，该现象揭示出束团中朗道阻尼条件，这与束团稳定性密切相关。对空间电荷抑制朗道阻尼效应及发射度增长进行了细致研究。提出用快反馈装置控制相空间稀释的思路。线性理论和模拟的结果都预言，在阻性阻抗和空间电荷阻抗存在下，藕合束不稳定性是515多束团强流运行的潜在威胁。阻性阻抗来自管壁及加速器部件的有效导电性或特殊共振结构，或直接来自频率偏置的高频腔。阻抗补偿或特殊的束团操作可以用来控制桃合束不稳定性。

含裂纹球壳裂纹尖端应力应变场及应力强度因子计算

本文将“局部-整体分析法”(Local-global analy sis)推广到含裂纹球壳的断裂分析中,给出含裂纹球壳裂纹尖端应力应变场包括Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ型的一般解.它类似于平面断裂问题中Williams展开式的作用,揭示了裂纹尖端附近的力学性质,为进行含裂纹球壳断裂分析提供良好的基础.平面断裂问题分析中一整套成熟的分析方法,诸如能量法,边界配置法,摄动法,有限元法等都可以移植到球壳的断裂分析中去. 作为算例,本文给出了几种边界条件下有限尺寸块球壳的应力强度因子数值并进一步对工程中实用的球壳鼓胀系数进行了计算,分析了现在常用的鼓胀系数的适用范围,并给出了简单实用的近似公式.本文获得的应力应变场也为复合型断裂分析提供了一个强有力的工具.

Radiation hardness improvement of separation-by-implantation-of-oxygen/silicon-on-insulator material by nitrogen ion implantation

In our work, nitrogen ions were implanted into separation-by-implantation-of-oxygen (SIMOX) wafers to improve the radiation hardness of the SIMOX material. The experiments of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis showed that some nitrogen ions were distributed in the buried oxide layers and some others were collected at the Si/SiO2 interface after annealing. The results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) suggested the density of the defects in the nitrided samples changed with different nitrogen ion implantation energies. Semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor (SIS) capacitors were made on the materials, and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements were carried out to confirm the results. The super total dose radiation tolerance of the materials was verified by the small increase of the drain leakage current of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor with n-channel (NMOSFETs) fabricated on the materials before and after total dose irradiation. The optimum implantation energy was also determined.

Research on nitrogen implantation energy dependence of the properties of SIMON materials

With different implantation energies, nitrogen ions were implanted into SIMOX wafers in our work. And then the wafers were subsequently annealed to form separated by implantation of oxygen and nitrogen (SIMON) wafers. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) was used to observe the distribution of nitrogen and oxygen in the wafers. The result of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was suggested by the dandling bonds densities in the wafers changed with N ions implantation energies. SIMON-based SIS capacitors were made. The results of the C-V test confirmed that the energy of nitrogen implantation affects the properties of the wafers, and the optimum implantation energy was determined. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Research on nitrogen implantation energy dependence of the properties of SIMON materials

With different implantation energies, nitrogen ions were implanted into SIMOX wafers in our work. And then the wafers were subsequently annealed to form separated by implantation of oxygen and nitrogen (SIMON) wafers. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) was used to observe the distribution of nitrogen and oxygen in the wafers. The result of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was suggested by the dandling bonds densities in the wafers changed with N ions implantation energies. SIMON-based SIS capacitors were made. The results of the C-V test confirmed that the energy of nitrogen implantation affects the properties of the wafers, and the optimum implantation energy was determined. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

嵌段共聚物及其共混物的相结构和相行为

嵌段共聚物及其共混物的相行为是高分子物理中十分重要的基本问题。论文以三嵌段共聚物SBS、SIS及SBS/PVME、SIS/PVME共混为对象，通过小角散射、透射电镜、流变仪、荧光光谱等手段，细致研究了上述体系的相结构和相行为。首次在三嵌段共聚物中发现一种新的微相结构——双链结构，该结构具有类似于石墨晶体的空间结构，属Rs空间群；在三嵌段共聚物和均聚物共混物中发现双金刚石结构；继Thomas在嵌段共聚物中发现LC结构之后，在嵌段共聚物/均聚物共混物中发现LC结构。论文从理论上预言了嵌段共聚物及其共混物在各种条件下的相图，也是首次研究了嵌段共聚物的微相结构对体系相溶性的影响。

功能菌剂的混合发酵研究

随着化工行业的发展，大量有毒有害难降解有机物随工业废水的排放进入环境，这些物质能够在环境中长期存在、积累和扩散，通过食物链对动植物的生存及人类的健康造成不良影响。本文以苯酚、对氯硝基苯、氯苯和十六烷为模拟污染物，以前期研制的功能菌剂为对象，经过紫外线线诱变筛选出优于出发菌株的功能菌，对诱变后功能菌的理化性能进行了研究，对菌种进行了鉴定，在此基础上，就其相互之间的微生态关系进行研究，为混合发酵提供理论基础，并就其最佳发酵条件及发酵参数进行了研究，最后对发酵产品的性能进行了检测。目前，国内外有关功能菌剂的研究还存在多方面的不足，主要包括：①由于多菌种混合发酵过程较为复杂，各菌之间存在复杂的相互作用，影响因素较多，关于菌种之间的相互关系研究得很少，环境功能菌剂的发酵方法大多采用单独发酵后混合的方式。单独发酵对原材料、设备和能源的利用率较低，对于多菌种制剂发酵，在设备、能源和原材料的方面造成的浪费更大，将会大幅增加菌剂的生产成本，影响多菌种功能菌剂的发展；②功能菌剂生产过程的质量控制方面研究得较少；③功能菌剂产品的稳定性、抗冲击性能研究得较少，对环境微生物制剂的研究主要集中在菌种选育和培养条件优化方面。 通过本论文研究，得到以下主要结论。 （1）在紫外线诱变处理中，用紫外线对发生一定程度退化的出发菌株进行诱变处理后，六株具有高效降解性能的菌株被筛选出来，诱变筛选出的菌株形态和ERIC-PCR指纹图谱与出发菌株相比发生了明显改变；而且诱变后的菌株对目标难降解底物的降解能力均得到改善，其中，FPN、FCB、F14、FEm对目标底物的降解率提高了20%以上；诱变后菌株经过7次连续传代接种后，对目标难降解底物的降解率无显著变化，具有一定的遗传稳定性。并对诱变后的功能菌进行了初步的鉴定，这6株菌都分别是芽孢杆菌。 （2）对诱变后的功能菌相互之间的微生态关系进行了研究，通过抑菌实验、生长量以及基质消耗量的比较，确定它们之间的生长关系是无害共栖关系，可以进行混合发酵。 （3）对该功能菌剂进行发酵培养条件研究，结果表明发酵培养基的最佳成分（g/L）：葡萄糖 31.0g/L、玉米粉10.0g/L、磷酸氢二钾1.0g/L、硫酸铵1.1g/L、硫酸镁0.55g/L。通过研究不同的培养条件对菌体生长和降解性能的影响，确定了最佳培养条件：培养基初始pH7.5；最适温度32℃；培养基装液量125mL（250 mL三角瓶），以及培养时间对降解性能的影响，培养20 h的产物对降解最为有利。通过研究添加不同目标污染物对菌体生长和降解性能的影响，确定了添加目标污染物的最佳量以及最佳时间：苯酚投加量：1.125 g/L，对氯硝基苯投加量：0.1 g/L；最佳投加时间为发酵培养开始后4 h。 （4）以摇瓶分批发酵最优条件为基础，对FPN、F10、FCB、FNa、F14 和 FEm进行了摇瓶分批发酵试验。以摇瓶分批发酵试验数据为依据，对功能菌剂分批发酵动力学进行了研究，建立了菌体生长和基质消耗的动力学模型，拟合模型能较好的反映功能菌剂分批发酵过程。 （5）功能菌剂和活性污泥协同作用，可以提高系统的生物降解能力，功能菌剂投加量为2%，新鲜活性污泥3500 mg/L，降解24 h条件下，功能菌剂和活性污泥的协同作用对COD的去除率和对照组相比，最多的提高了36.8%。功能菌剂和活性污泥协同作用以及活性污泥的单独作用，其生物降解过程均符合一级反应动力学过程，功能菌剂和活性污泥协同作用的生物降解动力学方程为：，相关系数97%。采用SBR运行方式，引入功能菌剂的SBR系统明显能够改善和提高生物降解的效率。与仅有活性污泥的系统相比，系统对COD的平均去除率可以提高27.1%，同时，系统的耐负荷冲击以及耐毒害冲击的性能比仅有活性污泥的SBR系统强，特别是负荷冲击对引入功能菌剂的SBR系统影响很小。仅有活性污泥的SBR系统经过负荷冲击和毒害冲击之后，不能恢复到冲击之前的水平，而且系统有效作用时间的周期比引入功能菌剂的SBR系统相比大大缩短，而引入功能菌剂的SBR系统处理效果较为稳定，恢复能力很强。 Along with the development of industries, many recalcitrant organic chemicals have been discharged into natural environments together with wastewaters and can exist in waters, soil and sediments for a long time without degradation. These haz-ardous substances, their byporducts and metabolizabilities can be highly toxic, mu-tagenic and carcinogenic, thereby threatening animals, plants and human health through food chain. Consequently the removal of these compounds is of significant interest in the area of wastewater treatment. In this dissertation, the phenol, hydro-quinone, chlorobenzene and hexadecane treated as the model pollutants, the func-tional microorganism agent was used as the starting strains, they treated with ultra-violet light, and then the mutant strains with high degradation ability were screened out and identified primarily, the relationship between these stains were studied, the medium composition and fermentation conditions were optimized, the degradation ability of the fermented production was tested. The literature survey indicates that the study of the microorganism agent is far from complete and more information is re-quired on following problems. 1, Because of the complexity of relationship in mixed fermentation and the complicated factors, the study is hardly to process.2, There is a lack of information on the quality control of the producing process .3, And there is a lack of information on the stability about the microorganism agent. In this dissertation, the main results of the present study could be summarized as follows: (1)The degenerate starting strains were treated with the ultraviolet light, and six mutant strains with high biodegradation ability were screened out by using the me-dium with selective pressure of model pollutants. The mutant strains had great changes in colonialmorphology and ERIC-PCR fingerprinting. And the mutant strains got obvious advantages over the starting strains in degradation ability and over 20% improvement of removal rates was achieved for FPN、FCB、F14 and FEm. The de-gradation ability of the mutant strains was stable after seven generations. After that, the mutant strains were primarily identified as bacillus respectively. (2) The relationship between these mutant strains was studied. By the compari-son of antibiosis effect, biomass and consumption of substrate, the relationships were neutralism and they could be mixed fermented. (3) The optimized cultivation conditions were as follows: glucose 31.0 g/L, corn power 10 g/L, K2HPO4 1.0 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 1.1 g/L, MgSO4 0.55 g/L, initial pH7.5, temperature 32℃, working volume 125 mL/250 mL, and cultivation time 20h (con-sidering the time effect on degradation ability), adding pollutants phenol (1.125 g/L) and hydroquinone (0.1 g/L) into the broth at 4 h after cultivation. (4) Based on the above optimum condition, the batch fermentation was per-formed with strains FPN, F10, FCB, FNa, F14 and FEm in shake flask. The batch fermentation kinetics was studied based on the experimental data. Two kinetic models were constructed which could reflect the regularity of growth and substrate consump-tion in the process of batch fermentation. (5) The co-operation of functional microorganism agent and activated sludge could raise biodegradation of system by adding some microorganism agent and 3500 mg/L fresh activated sludge. Bioaugumentation by the addition of high effective deg-radation culture enhanced the treatment effect of SBR system and the COD removal rate was increased by 20%-36.8%. Its biodegradation matched first-order dynamical reaction equation, and the reaction equation was ln0.2327.391ct=−+. The micro-organism agent had the effect of optimization to activated sludge micro-ecosystem. The SBR system adding 2% microorganism agent, the average COD removal rate of that was increased by 27.1% and stronger anti-shock ability to load and toxicant were achieved (compared with SBR system just adding activated sludge). Especially the load-shock has barely effect to the SBR system adding microorganism agent. After the load and toxicant shock, the SBR system just adding activated sludge couldn’t come back to original level and the activated sludge micro-ecosystem was frustrated. The applying of microorganism agent increased biological activity and system’s re-sistance ability to load shock and toxicant shock.

Circumstantial Evidence for a Soft Nuclear Symmetry Energy at Suprasaturation Densities

Within an isospin- and momentum-dependent hadronic transport model, it is shown that the recent FOPI data on the pi(-)/pi(+) ratio in central heavy-ion collisions at SIS/GSI energies [Willy Reisdorf , Nucl. Phys. A 781, 459 (2007)] provide circumstantial evidence suggesting a rather soft nuclear symmetry energy E-sym(rho) at rho >= 2 rho(0) compared to the Akmal-Pandharipande-Ravenhall prediction. Some astrophysical implications and the need for further experimental confirmations are discussed.

Multi-strip MRPCs for FOPI

During the last years FOPI has developed a new ToF system as an upgrade of the existing detector based on Multi-strip Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MMRPCs). The intention is to increase the charged Kaon identification up to a laboratory momentum of 1 GeV/c and to enhance the azimuthal detector granularity. The new ToF barrel has an active area of 5 m(2) with 2400 individual strips (900 x 1.6 mm(2)) [A. Schuttauf, et al., Nucl. Phys. B 158 (2006) 52] which are read out on both sides by a custom designed electronics [M. Ciobanu, et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-54 (4) (2007) 1201; K. Koch, et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-52(3) (2005) 745]. To reach the envisaged goal a time resolution of 100 ps is needed, at a flight path of 1-1.3 m. Due to the rare production of the K- at SIS energies the efficiency of the MMRPCs has to be above 95%. We report on measurements with the detectors and electronics from the mass production line. For this purpose we used a proton beam at 2.0 and 1.25 GeV, at rates between 0.1 and 5 kHz/cm(2) to determine the timing, efficiency and rate capability of the MMRPCs

Measurement of K*(892)(0) and K-0 mesons in Al plus Al collisions at 1.9A GeV

A new measurement of subthreshold K*(892)(0) and K-0 production is presented. The experimental data complete the measurement of strange particles produced in Al + Al collisions at 1.9A GeV measured with the FOPI detector at SIS at GSI (Darmstadt). The K*(892)(0)/K-0 yield ratio is found to be 0.0315 +/- 0.006(stat.) +/- 0.012(syst.) and is in good agreement with the transport model prediction. These measurements provide information on the in-medium cross section of K+-pi(-) fusion, which is the dominant process in subthreshold K*(892)(0) production.

小兴安岭针叶树种在不同尺度上对环境因子的敏感性分析

小兴安岭地区是我国重要的林区之一,预测该地区针叶树种的分布,在不同尺度上查找针叶树种分布最敏感的环境因子,是不同层次的林业部门制定森林恢复和植树造林方针的重要科学依据。该文以坡度、坡向、综合地形指数、海拔、坡位指数、年平均温度和年平均降水量作为环境因子,利用Logistic回归模型对红松(Pinus koraien-sis)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)、红皮云杉(Picea koraiensis)、鱼鳞云杉(P.jezoensis)和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)的分布进行了预测。并且采用相对运行特征(Relative operating characteristic,ROC),对模型进行了精度评价。其取值范围为0～1,如果ROC小于0.7,认为模型具有低精度;如果大于0.7且小于0.9,则模型具有较好的模拟精度;如果大于0.9,认为模型具有很高的预测精度。对每个树种的模型验证表明只有冷杉的ROC大于80%,红松、兴安落叶松和云杉的ROC在70%～80%之间,而樟子松的为67.9%。之后,把预测模型应用到丰林保护区,揭示局域尺度上树种分布最敏感的环境因子。经过树种分布预测图与环境因子之间的相关分析发现,在区域尺度(整个研究区)上,红松、冷杉、云杉和樟子松对年降水量最为敏感,而兴安落叶松对坡度最敏感。在局域尺度(丰林保护区)上,红松分布对坡度最敏感,冷杉和云杉对海拔最敏感,兴安落叶松对坡位最敏感。在不同尺度上,树种最敏感的环境因子的转移,引起了在不同尺度上树种分布类型的变化。红松在区域尺度上聚集分布(ROC=78.6%),而在局域尺度上其聚集程度有所减弱(ROC=74.4%),红松的分布范围增加。在区域尺度上,云杉和冷杉聚集分布,但在局域尺度上,它们的分布接近随机分布类型(ROC<60%),它们在丰林保护区内分布面积较大。与以上3个树种相反,兴安落叶松的ROC从71.7%增加到了82.0%,在区域尺度上聚集分布的兴安落叶松,在局域尺度上更加聚集,其分布范围局限于某个特定环境(谷底)。总的来说,在区域尺度上,多数树种分布对气候因子最为敏感,在局域尺度上,对地理因子最为敏感。不同树种对不同环境因子的敏感性,揭示了树种空间分布格局和分异规律。

PHASE-BEHAVIOR IN MIXTURES OF A HOMOPOLYMER AND A BLOCK-COPOLYMER .1. FTIR AND DSC STUDIES

Miscibility in blends of three styrene-butadiene-styrene and one styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymers containing 28%, 30%, 48%, and 14% by weight of polystyrene, respectively, with poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found from the optical clarity and the glass transition temperature behavior that the blends show miscibility for each kind of triblock copolymers below a certain concentration of PVME. The concentration range to show miscibility becomes wider as the polystyrene content and molecular weight of PS segment in the triblock copolymers increase. From the FTIR results, the relative peak intensity of the 1100 cm-1 region due to COCH3 band of PVME and peak position of 698 cm-1 region due to phenyl ring are sensitive to the miscibility of SBS(SIS)/PVME blends. The results show that the miscibility in SBS(SIS)/PVME blends is greatly affected by the composition of the copolymers and the polystyrene content in the triblock copolymers. Molecular weights of polystyrene segments have also affected the miscibility of the blends. (C) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

基于工业以太网的高可用性网络冗余技术研究与开发

随着计算机网络、通信和控制技术的发展，以太网技术在工业控制领域中的应用倍受关注。但控制系统对高可用性和稳定性的要求限制了工业以太网的发展。同时面对国内工业生产的安全现状，基于工业以太网技术的控制系统越来越多的被用于安全仪表系统（Safety Instrumented System SIS）中，所以迫切需要开展总线安全技术的研究工作，提高工业以太网控制系统的安全性和可用性。 为了满足总线控制系统对工业以太网的安全性和可用性要求，本文重点研究了基于工业以太网的高可用性网络技术，提出了三种网络冗余协议，描述了设计和开发过程，最后，通过实验数据给出了性能分析。 论文首先介绍了工业以太网和高可用性网络技术在控制领域的应用情况。分析了目前普遍应用的环网冗余技术，包括通用的生成树协议、快速生成树协议和自动化厂商自己开发的专用环网冗余协议。讨论了以上环网冗余协议在高可用性控制系统中应用的不足。 论文针对环网冗余协议在故障恢复时间等方面的不足，设计了三种基于工业以太网的网络冗余协议：单网冗余协议、双网备份冗余协议和双网并行冗余协议。本文所设计的网络冗余协议都要求将冗余管理下放到节点设备，实现分布式的冗余管理，冗余节点和非冗余节点能够同时在网络中并存，而且所有的冗余管理对于上层应用协议具有透明性。但是每种网络冗余协议在拓扑结构、故障探测和故障恢复方面各不相同。结合EPA（Ethernet for Plant Automation EPA）通信协议栈，选择合适的软硬件环境，本文实现了所设计的三种网络冗余协议，包括协议栈结构，帧结构和通信过程。 为了对网络冗余协议的进行功能测试和性能评估，论文提出了故障恢复时间，故障定位时间等评估指标，在实验室环境下搭建了测试网络平台，针对每个评估指标设计了测试方案，最后给出了每个网络冗余协议的性能和测试结果。